While low-income efficiency programs are fairly widespread, they are serving only a small fraction of the eligible customer base. Low-income customers make up a large portion of the population in nearly every state, with individuals earning less than 200% of FPL ranging from 20% to 45% of total state populations (Census Bureau 2016). Spending on low-income programs does not reflect these demographics, however. An annual survey of electric utilities found that spending on low-income efficiency programs makes up about 17% of total efficiency spending in the residential sector and about 6–10% of efficiency spending overall (CEE 2017; Hoffman, Leventis, and Goldman 2017)
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