Utilities, state agencies, and regional entities hold the energy-use data needed for GHG inventories, but CPUC privacy rules, inconsistent release practices, lack of standardization, and poor interagency coordination make it extremely difficult for cities to obtain complete datasets. As a result, each local government must navigate a lengthy, months-long utility data request process and often pay consultants to recreate data that already exists, all without a centralized portal or clear access point.