Climate Impacts Constrain Low-VMT Mobility Options. Extreme heat, sea-level rise, and related climate hazards reduce the practicality and reliability of transit, biking, and walking. Increased infrastructure stress, service disruptions, and safety concerns push residents toward continued reliance on personal vehicles, limiting the effectiveness of mode-shift strategies

• Illustrative examples: Inland Deserts – Extreme heat makes walking, biking, and waiting for transit impractical for much of the year. San Francisco Bay Area – Sea-level rise threatens rail lines and increases transit disruptions, weakening confidence in low-VMT travel options.